var subSegmentData = ("[{\"subSegID\":\"951-1-1\",\"segID\":\"951-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Talking about water scarcity.  We have lots of water and tools to solve these problems.\",\"startTime\":2},{\"subSegID\":\"951-1-2\",\"segID\":\"951-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Quotes: by 2050, about 4.4B people will have water shortages.\",\"startTime\":55},{\"subSegID\":\"951-1-3\",\"segID\":\"951-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Why is water so scarce??\",\"startTime\":78},{\"subSegID\":\"951-1-4\",\"segID\":\"951-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"How much water is there?  2.5% of all water is fresh water - still 35M cubic kilometers\",\"startTime\":83},{\"subSegID\":\"951-1-5\",\"segID\":\"951-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Only <1% is readily accessible, most is in ground water (30%) and ice (68%)\",\"startTime\":144},{\"subSegID\":\"951-1-6\",\"segID\":\"951-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Drivers - population has grown exponentially - more people use more water.\",\"startTime\":189},{\"subSegID\":\"951-1-7\",\"segID\":\"951-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Water is NOT distributed evenly around the world.  Precipitation also variable.  Predicting how much rain in a season is hard!\",\"startTime\":235},{\"subSegID\":\"951-2-1\",\"segID\":\"951-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Uncertainty is worse due to climate change.  Models from IPCC report - really good source of information.\",\"startTime\":291},{\"subSegID\":\"951-2-2\",\"segID\":\"951-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Can see that near the poles will get more precipitation and tropical regions will get drier.\",\"startTime\":353},{\"subSegID\":\"951-2-3\",\"segID\":\"951-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Already evidence of global climate changes - ex Ithaca has more rain now.\",\"startTime\":406},{\"subSegID\":\"951-2-4\",\"segID\":\"951-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Changes in the more stable water reservoirs.  Arctic Ice Cap Melting - chart.  Got really bad in 2007!\",\"startTime\":467},{\"subSegID\":\"951-2-5\",\"segID\":\"951-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Until 2004 no evidence that Greenland Glacier was thinning, now much faster than expected.\",\"startTime\":550},{\"subSegID\":\"951-2-6\",\"segID\":\"951-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Mountain glacier - high altitude at lower latitudes - melting.  ex Bolivia's Chacaltaya Glacier 1940-2005.\",\"startTime\":586},{\"subSegID\":\"951-2-7\",\"segID\":\"951-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Critical - glaciers provide river flows in the summer.\",\"startTime\":620},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-1\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Gangotri glacier in India - melting.  This is the most immediate concern - all the people dependent on summer glacier melting.\",\"startTime\":654},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-2\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Huge variation in how much water people use per year.\",\"startTime\":684},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-3\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Is access to water a "right" or a "need"?\",\"startTime\":714},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-4\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"A right to not die...  A global commodity?\",\"startTime\":773},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-5\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Need - can't exist without it.\",\"startTime\":814},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-6\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Water is a BIG business now - bottled water.  $10B/year industry.\",\"startTime\":850},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-7\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Suez - provides access to water through pipes and plumbing, water treatment.  5 multinationals - $11.4B in revenues.  They argued water is a need, people pay for it.\",\"startTime\":868},{\"subSegID\":\"951-3-8\",\"segID\":\"951-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"Do we owe people the basic water needs?  \",\"startTime\":924},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-1\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Water forum - say that water is a human right.\",\"startTime\":981},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-2\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Water scarcity has been called a crisis in management.  This is a problem we CAN solve NOW.\",\"startTime\":1014},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-3\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"How do we manage water?  Most is from electricity and agriculture.\",\"startTime\":1040},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-4\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Other ways we use water - flood control, dams, public water supply, sewage, fisheries.\",\"startTime\":1105},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-5\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Key problem - until very recently, each of these activities were independent on same water system, not coordinated.\",\"startTime\":1129},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-6\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Almost zero consideration for biophysical processes.\",\"startTime\":1186},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-7\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Sustainable water management - ex wetlands clean water, so protect wetlands!\",\"startTime\":1202},{\"subSegID\":\"951-4-8\",\"segID\":\"951-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"Cambodia - has a lake that provides 80% of protein of all the people there.\",\"startTime\":1248},{\"subSegID\":\"951-5-1\",\"segID\":\"951-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Watersheds as the basis for water management rather than political boundaries.  New concept!\",\"startTime\":1279},{\"subSegID\":\"951-5-2\",\"segID\":\"951-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"ex Stream channel network.  Last Mississippi river source 3400 miles to Atlantic!\",\"startTime\":1343},{\"subSegID\":\"951-5-3\",\"segID\":\"951-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Danube bowl ex.\",\"startTime\":1383},{\"subSegID\":\"951-5-4\",\"segID\":\"951-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Revolution - where is the bowl, the watershed divide?\",\"startTime\":1418},{\"subSegID\":\"951-5-5\",\"segID\":\"951-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Watershed - flow pass of the water. Depends on how porous the ground is.  Balance, only so much water in as rain.\",\"startTime\":1438},{\"subSegID\":\"951-6-1\",\"segID\":\"951-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Stream channel network - river flow vs rain over time.  Where is all the water coming from 2 weeks later?? Ground water.\",\"startTime\":1524},{\"subSegID\":\"951-6-2\",\"segID\":\"951-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Ground water piece is 54% of all flow in streams..\",\"startTime\":1574},{\"subSegID\":\"951-6-3\",\"segID\":\"951-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Runoff is a small component in nature, before people.  People build landscapes and harden the surface.\",\"startTime\":1606},{\"subSegID\":\"951-6-4\",\"segID\":\"951-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Balance has shifted - most water is runoff.  ex roadside ditches, run water off as fast as possible.\",\"startTime\":1643},{\"subSegID\":\"951-6-5\",\"segID\":\"951-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Wetlands are ditched.\",\"startTime\":1681},{\"subSegID\":\"951-6-6\",\"segID\":\"951-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Development has made water movement more volatile = floods.  Also rivers run dry more often, the ground doesn't hold the water.\",\"startTime\":1703},{\"subSegID\":\"951-7-1\",\"segID\":\"951-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"We can manage our watersheds better to catch and save the rain.\",\"startTime\":1785},{\"subSegID\":\"951-7-2\",\"segID\":\"951-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Plants and animals are adapted to the natural pattern of water level fluctuations, need to be adapted to flooding or drought.\",\"startTime\":1799},{\"subSegID\":\"951-7-3\",\"segID\":\"951-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Hydroelectric dams - cause lots of disruption in river flow, very volatile.  Nothing can live there.\",\"startTime\":1913},{\"subSegID\":\"951-7-4\",\"segID\":\"951-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Flood control dams also can cause problems for plants adapted to being dry and floods.\",\"startTime\":2006},{\"subSegID\":\"951-7-5\",\"segID\":\"951-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"It is critical to restore or mimic the natural patterns of water flows that plants and animals depend on.\",\"startTime\":2038},{\"subSegID\":\"951-8-1\",\"segID\":\"951-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Irrigation is 70% of water consumption, attempt to manage rain fall.\",\"startTime\":2082},{\"subSegID\":\"951-8-2\",\"segID\":\"951-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Irrigation process: SOURCE >> TRANSFER >> FIELD APPLICATION.  All steps can be more efficient.  Assumed that 50% of water from source will not reach crop.\",\"startTime\":2108},{\"subSegID\":\"951-9-1\",\"segID\":\"951-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Sources of water - surface water: excessive withdrawal.  Aral Sea (4th largest lake in the world).  Disappearing lakes\",\"startTime\":2161},{\"subSegID\":\"951-9-2\",\"segID\":\"951-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Problems with dammed rivers for reservoirs and water storage.  (surface water problems)\",\"startTime\":2264},{\"subSegID\":\"951-9-3\",\"segID\":\"951-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Groundwater sources - 2/3rds of the source in US.   We don't know where it is though.  It is slow moving.\",\"startTime\":2328},{\"subSegID\":\"951-9-4\",\"segID\":\"951-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"High planes aquifer, the water table has dropped 150 feet in red areas!  Ground water being depleted.\",\"startTime\":2379},{\"subSegID\":\"951-9-5\",\"segID\":\"951-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Red circles on map have serious over consumption.  In Jordan, by 2025 they will have taken ALL the ground water.\",\"startTime\":2409},{\"subSegID\":\"951-9-6\",\"segID\":\"951-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Don't notice until big impacts - subsidence - soil collapse.\",\"startTime\":2442},{\"subSegID\":\"951-10-1\",\"segID\":\"951-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Transfer - Colorado river pipeline to California - huge pipe!  River - evaporation losses\",\"startTime\":2483},{\"subSegID\":\"951-10-2\",\"segID\":\"951-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Ditches are disease breeding grounds.\",\"startTime\":2541},{\"subSegID\":\"951-10-3\",\"segID\":\"951-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Field application: gravity (cheapest, easy - lots of evaporation and ground seepage).\",\"startTime\":2554},{\"subSegID\":\"951-10-4\",\"segID\":\"951-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Sprinkler system - more efficient, still evaporation loses\",\"startTime\":2598},{\"subSegID\":\"951-10-5\",\"segID\":\"951-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Drip irrigation - costs lots but more efficient.\",\"startTime\":2614},{\"subSegID\":\"951-10-6\",\"segID\":\"951-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Critical to improve irrigation!\",\"startTime\":2667},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-1\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Second question - Water supply crisis in Western US.\",\"startTime\":2684},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-2\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Question: Should we transport water from the Great Lakes to the SW US?\",\"startTime\":2716},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-3\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Why not?  Cost?  Other things cost money though..  Could hurt great lakes.\",\"startTime\":2766},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-4\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Could use other resources like desalinization...\",\"startTime\":2835},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-5\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Answers vary every year - seems to depend on where people's families are.\",\"startTime\":2870},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-6\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"China is putting in North-South water transport system.  Like this idea...\",\"startTime\":2910},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-7\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"We have more water than 30 years ago.  NE has more water, SW has  drought.\",\"startTime\":2927},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-8\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"Bush signs Great lakes compact - bans diversion of water.  Requires States to adopt better policies for managing water use.\",\"startTime\":2974},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-9\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":9,\"text\":\"Can't technically easily divert water from Great Lakes to SW.\",\"startTime\":3020},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-10\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":10,\"text\":\"Q: Why not move water from mid west to Mississippi river?\",\"startTime\":3042},{\"subSegID\":\"951-11-11\",\"segID\":\"951-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":11,\"text\":\"Point: Key issues and are happening right now.\",\"startTime\":3070},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-1\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Satellite-based remote sensing can help.  We have lots of new tools now.\",\"startTime\":3079},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-2\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Technology - communication much better now across different areas regardless of governments.\",\"startTime\":3114},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-3\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Changed the way we manage water, starting to become more community-based and integrated.\",\"startTime\":3190},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-4\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Extensive tool - science-based best management practices.  \",\"startTime\":3250},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-5\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Simple, low-cost solutions.  Sack gardening, clay pot irrigation.  Sustainable\",\"startTime\":3281},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-6\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"SODIS - put water on a roof in the sun, kill pathogens.  Harvesting rainwater in India.\",\"startTime\":3317},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-7\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Dry composting toilets\",\"startTime\":3353},{\"subSegID\":\"951-12-8\",\"segID\":\"951-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"All about working collaboratively - we can solve this!\",\"startTime\":3377},{\"subSegID\":\"951-13-1\",\"segID\":\"951-13\",\"segNum\":13,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Relevant for all career paths - engineering, economics, ecology, education, planning, policy...\",\"startTime\":3397},{\"subSegID\":\"951-13-2\",\"segID\":\"951-13\",\"segNum\":13,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Figure what you are good at and what you love to do - apply that in the water resource arena: take courses, internships, talk to faculty.\",\"startTime\":3442},{\"subSegID\":\"951-13-3\",\"segID\":\"951-13\",\"segNum\":13,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Get involved - most decision making is done by small committees.\",\"startTime\":3497},{\"subSegID\":\"951-13-4\",\"segID\":\"951-13\",\"segNum\":13,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"ex Undergrad here and 2 years later on the town board.\",\"startTime\":3527},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-1\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Questions\",\"startTime\":3553},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-2\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Q: Desalinization, possible?\",\"startTime\":3561},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-3\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"A; Definitely gaining popularity as a solution, has a role in certain places.  Some evaporate or use reverse osmosis.  You are left with salty brine - makes water too salty?\",\"startTime\":3584},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-4\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"FAO estimates that 50% of agriculture is ruined by overly salty soil.\",\"startTime\":3646},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-5\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"What is cost of energy vs water - needs to be looked at.  Need to look at other measures and the cost/benefit.\",\"startTime\":3678},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-6\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Q: In this area, using local water for hydrofracing for natural gas.\",\"startTime\":3739},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-7\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"A: Controversial - clean water act was kind of taken away.  Positive side - some regulation on water withdrawal.\",\"startTime\":3757},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-8\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"The environmental effects are now being studied more.  Oil companies spending $480 billion on getting this gas.\",\"startTime\":3841},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-9\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":9,\"text\":\"Q: 60% of our ice in icecaps, melting...  Ocean issues?\",\"startTime\":3889},{\"subSegID\":\"951-14-10\",\"segID\":\"951-14\",\"segNum\":14,\"subSegNum\":10,\"text\":\"A: Not the right one to ask - would expect we will have changes.  We have water,  we can deal with this.\",\"startTime\":3905}]").parseJSON();