var subSegmentData = ("[{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-1\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Talk about Nitrogen pollution - marine perspective.\",\"startTime\":9},{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-2\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Trained as an oceanographer - photo of Exxon Valdez in 1989.\",\"startTime\":50},{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-3\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Nitrogen pollution has grown as a problem increasingly.\",\"startTime\":70},{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-4\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Photo from a study in Nature - which problems are severe and important\",\"startTime\":109},{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-5\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"They think climate change is slightly over, biodiversity and nitrogen pollution are most severe problems.\",\"startTime\":150},{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-6\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Graph - rate of formation of chemically active nitrogen (most is not: N2 in air is not).  0.0001% is chemically active, critical to life.\",\"startTime\":182},{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-7\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Over fertilizing also leads to loss of biodiversity.  Before the industrial revolution - only way to get nitrogen was bacterial fixation.\",\"startTime\":219},{\"subSegID\":\"847-1-8\",\"segID\":\"847-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"Now humans exceed natural process by far.\",\"startTime\":268},{\"subSegID\":\"847-2-1\",\"segID\":\"847-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"What's the problem?  Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients => too much of a good thing!  Like becoming obese.\",\"startTime\":293},{\"subSegID\":\"847-2-2\",\"segID\":\"847-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Obvious thing - overfertilizing water body = scummy algae, then dies and sucks oxygen from water decomposing\",\"startTime\":318},{\"subSegID\":\"847-2-3\",\"segID\":\"847-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\""Dead Zone" = no oxygen in water.  Northern Gulf of mexico in Mississippi river exit.\",\"startTime\":346},{\"subSegID\":\"847-2-4\",\"segID\":\"847-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Dead zones occur around the world, not just US.\",\"startTime\":423},{\"subSegID\":\"847-2-5\",\"segID\":\"847-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Number of hypoxic areas (dead zones) strongly correlated with human nitrogen pollution.\",\"startTime\":445},{\"subSegID\":\"847-2-6\",\"segID\":\"847-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Photo - harmful algal blooms - toxic algae.  red tide.  Toxic shellfish.  Also reduces biodiversity, one species will dominate = sea grass example.\",\"startTime\":471},{\"subSegID\":\"847-2-7\",\"segID\":\"847-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Another example in temperate zone in temperate zone (Nantucket) = scummy stuff\",\"startTime\":552},{\"subSegID\":\"847-3-1\",\"segID\":\"847-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Nitrogen does many other things outside the ocean: acid rain, ozone at sea level.  ozone decreases crop production by 20-30% now\",\"startTime\":581},{\"subSegID\":\"847-3-2\",\"segID\":\"847-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Overstimulate forest growth - lose tree species (die in winter more likely).  \",\"startTime\":645},{\"subSegID\":\"847-3-3\",\"segID\":\"847-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Nitrous oxide - no laughing matter!  Serious greenhouse gas (280-fold worse than CO2, responsible for 1/10th of warming total)  Also destroys stratospheric ozone like CFCs\",\"startTime\":675},{\"subSegID\":\"847-3-4\",\"segID\":\"847-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Nitrogen and human health - direct (heart and lung disease, cancer).   \",\"startTime\":744},{\"subSegID\":\"847-3-5\",\"segID\":\"847-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Indirect pollution effects - allergies (ragweed), animals that carry diseases - malaria, schistosomiasis (snail borne parasite) = fatal.\",\"startTime\":772},{\"subSegID\":\"847-4-1\",\"segID\":\"847-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Fritz Haber discovered a way to make synthetic nitrogen fertilizer from atmospheric N2 gas in 1909\",\"startTime\":819},{\"subSegID\":\"847-4-2\",\"segID\":\"847-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"This is responsible for 80% of the world's food production.  This is good!  Starvation is much lower than it would be.\",\"startTime\":863},{\"subSegID\":\"847-4-3\",\"segID\":\"847-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Leakage needs to be dealt with though.  Fertilizer is biggest component.\",\"startTime\":911},{\"subSegID\":\"847-4-4\",\"segID\":\"847-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"After WWII is when it really picked up.  Fossil fuels are also significant, but not as much.\",\"startTime\":934},{\"subSegID\":\"847-4-5\",\"segID\":\"847-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Slide from NY Times - where synth nitrogen is being used in the world and growth in last decade.  China is using most and growing rapidly.\",\"startTime\":974},{\"subSegID\":\"847-4-6\",\"segID\":\"847-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Look at total amount of fertilizer used on land - it varies quite a lot.  What goes into  ocean also varies.  Look at total nitrogen going into a region vs amount going out.\",\"startTime\":1007},{\"subSegID\":\"847-5-1\",\"segID\":\"847-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Nitrogen flux caused by man vs natural nitrogen flux (ex northern canada - no farming)\",\"startTime\":1088},{\"subSegID\":\"847-5-2\",\"segID\":\"847-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Drivers in the US - Farm nitrogen balance from 1995.  In Tg per year.\",\"startTime\":1137},{\"subSegID\":\"847-5-3\",\"segID\":\"847-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"In US - most food moved 100 miles normally.  Prior to synth nitrogen, had to return nitrogen from waste to the field, had to keep in balance.\",\"startTime\":1221},{\"subSegID\":\"847-5-4\",\"segID\":\"847-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Most Nitrogen goes to animal feed, animals produce lots of waste in gas and into water.\",\"startTime\":1258},{\"subSegID\":\"847-5-5\",\"segID\":\"847-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"So, if we had less animal agriculture we could have less nitrogen usage and leakage = i.e. be vegetarian.\",\"startTime\":1312},{\"subSegID\":\"847-5-6\",\"segID\":\"847-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Image - net nitrogen in 1960's -> 1980's.  Much more nitrogen being applied.\",\"startTime\":1342},{\"subSegID\":\"847-5-7\",\"segID\":\"847-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"1990's image of nitrogen use - animal feedlots largely.\",\"startTime\":1378},{\"subSegID\":\"847-6-1\",\"segID\":\"847-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Can we solve the nitrogen problem?  How do we reduce it - there are technical solutions but no political will at the moment, other problems are higher\",\"startTime\":1395},{\"subSegID\":\"847-6-2\",\"segID\":\"847-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"ex Corn is a particularly leaky crop for nitrogen\",\"startTime\":1430},{\"subSegID\":\"847-6-3\",\"segID\":\"847-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Apply fertilizer in spring rather than fall reduces nitrogen loss by 30-40%.  Have green cover crops over winter reduces N loss by 3-fold.\",\"startTime\":1482},{\"subSegID\":\"847-6-4\",\"segID\":\"847-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Perennial crops (grasses) rather than annuals (corn/soybean): reduces N loss by 30X\",\"startTime\":1536},{\"subSegID\":\"847-6-5\",\"segID\":\"847-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Or eat less meat!  Over 50% of US corn harvest goes to animal feed.\",\"startTime\":1563},{\"subSegID\":\"847-6-6\",\"segID\":\"847-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"If everyone ate a lower meat diet - use 1/3rd as much fertilizer.  Projections with and w/o diet change\",\"startTime\":1599},{\"subSegID\":\"847-6-7\",\"segID\":\"847-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Pig says "eat more fish!"\",\"startTime\":1667},{\"subSegID\":\"847-7-1\",\"segID\":\"847-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Ethanol production - biofuel production has increased dramatically recently, in US all from corn.\",\"startTime\":1674},{\"subSegID\":\"847-7-2\",\"segID\":\"847-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Corn usage:  12% ethanol 5 years ago.  33% in 2008 for ethanol production\",\"startTime\":1714},{\"subSegID\":\"847-7-3\",\"segID\":\"847-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"US has goals for how much ethanol it wants to produce - if they do, nitrogen inputs down Mississippi river will increase 37% = make "dead zone" worse.\",\"startTime\":1753},{\"subSegID\":\"847-8-1\",\"segID\":\"847-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Agriculture is major contributor, fossil fuels also.\",\"startTime\":1800},{\"subSegID\":\"847-8-2\",\"segID\":\"847-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"We have the technical solutions, political will is problem!\",\"startTime\":1835},{\"subSegID\":\"847-8-3\",\"segID\":\"847-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Q: Have they tries to turn the algae in the dead zone into biofuel?  A:  It's too difficult to harvest - too diffuse.  Need to cur the N supply\",\"startTime\":1872},{\"subSegID\":\"847-8-4\",\"segID\":\"847-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Q: What are the implications?  A: Depends what you care about? Coastal oceans get destroyed.  Also human health issue.  Climate change aspect - N2O is a greenhouse gas.  Solutions are easier than CO2\",\"startTime\":1935},{\"subSegID\":\"847-8-5\",\"segID\":\"847-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Q: Fossil fuel burning aspects?  A: Nitrogen in atmosphere is not totally stable - why we have catalytic converters on cars.  Trucks and SUVs don't have.\",\"startTime\":2035},{\"subSegID\":\"847-8-6\",\"segID\":\"847-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Also - paradoxically, Detroit has reengineered converters to output ammonia!  Not regulated \",\"startTime\":2105},{\"subSegID\":\"847-8-7\",\"segID\":\"847-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Q: Ag lobby groups?  A: Farm / meat lobby is against.  Fertilizer groups are for progress...\",\"startTime\":2163}]").parseJSON();