var subSegmentData = ("[{\"subSegID\":\"781-1-1\",\"segID\":\"781-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Talk about the direct and indirect effects of CO2 on land\",\"startTime\":6},{\"subSegID\":\"781-1-2\",\"segID\":\"781-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Global carbon cycle...  (room mic on now...) and feedback cycles\",\"startTime\":35},{\"subSegID\":\"781-1-3\",\"segID\":\"781-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"The framework - global carbon budget over last 150 years.  Used to be from deforestation - now fossil fuel emissions.\",\"startTime\":75},{\"subSegID\":\"781-1-4\",\"segID\":\"781-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"About half of the CO2 going into the atmosphere has accumulated, the rest gets absorbed by the oceans and terrestrial biosphere.\",\"startTime\":120},{\"subSegID\":\"781-1-5\",\"segID\":\"781-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"We don't understand where is all of it going?  how can we understand it going forwards?\",\"startTime\":160},{\"subSegID\":\"781-2-1\",\"segID\":\"781-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Effects of CO2 on plants - experiment where they enriched CO2.\",\"startTime\":228},{\"subSegID\":\"781-2-2\",\"segID\":\"781-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Rising CO2 is good for plants???  (depends what radio station you listen to?)  If you increase CO2 in the greenhouse, we've known that you can increase photosynthesis.\",\"startTime\":273},{\"subSegID\":\"781-2-3\",\"segID\":\"781-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Experiments like this help us test in the real environment - definitely more CO2 increased tree growth - 23%.  They absorb more CO2 as a sink.\",\"startTime\":301},{\"subSegID\":\"781-2-4\",\"segID\":\"781-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Other species do well - poison ivy increased 149%  Noxious and weedy species improve productivity even faster!\",\"startTime\":348},{\"subSegID\":\"781-2-5\",\"segID\":\"781-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Direct CO2 effects on land C sinks - Old forests do not increase growth.  Young forests can quickly run out of nutrients!\",\"startTime\":389},{\"subSegID\":\"781-2-6\",\"segID\":\"781-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"There are direct effects that increase growth but there are caveats - \",\"startTime\":445},{\"subSegID\":\"781-3-1\",\"segID\":\"781-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Climate Change in Northern Forests - photo from Danby.  Run into a lot of walls - there used to be a lot of agriculture.\",\"startTime\":501},{\"subSegID\":\"781-3-2\",\"segID\":\"781-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Much of the northeast temperate US is a carbon sink.\",\"startTime\":537},{\"subSegID\":\"781-3-3\",\"segID\":\"781-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Annual temperatures in the northeast - observed 2 degrees since 1970 - projections next 50 years.\",\"startTime\":569},{\"subSegID\":\"781-3-4\",\"segID\":\"781-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Projections: changing face of  winter.  Now vs 100 years from now where snow will cover.\",\"startTime\":600},{\"subSegID\":\"781-3-5\",\"segID\":\"781-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Illustration of Upstate NY where climate is projected to change to.\",\"startTime\":643},{\"subSegID\":\"781-3-6\",\"segID\":\"781-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Suitable climate will shift north for most forest types by late-century.  Spruce-fir moves north to Canada\",\"startTime\":675},{\"subSegID\":\"781-4-1\",\"segID\":\"781-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Model Projections of Forest Growth and storage.  Northern hardwoods: modest effects but large uncertainty.\",\"startTime\":729},{\"subSegID\":\"781-4-2\",\"segID\":\"781-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Spruce Fir will have climate stress by 2100.\",\"startTime\":790},{\"subSegID\":\"781-4-3\",\"segID\":\"781-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Climate change and Invasive Species: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (white stuff that sucks sap from tree)\",\"startTime\":805},{\"subSegID\":\"781-4-4\",\"segID\":\"781-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Normally this pest is limited by cold\",\"startTime\":851},{\"subSegID\":\"781-4-5\",\"segID\":\"781-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Projections of where hemlock woolly will be...\",\"startTime\":892},{\"subSegID\":\"781-5-1\",\"segID\":\"781-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Climate Change and northeast forests Summary - pests and weedy species have an advantage.\",\"startTime\":906},{\"subSegID\":\"781-5-2\",\"segID\":\"781-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Know northeast forests serve as a carbon sink now.  We don't know how quickly species will be able to move?\",\"startTime\":953},{\"subSegID\":\"781-6-1\",\"segID\":\"781-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Possible Feedbacks - positive vs negative feedback mechanisms\",\"startTime\":981},{\"subSegID\":\"781-6-2\",\"segID\":\"781-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"In the North -> warming will cause a positive feedback of OC2 in the atmosphere.\",\"startTime\":1029},{\"subSegID\":\"781-6-3\",\"segID\":\"781-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Ancient soil in Siberia -> soil decomposition rate increases exponentially with temperature (ex leave milk out of the fridge for a day = gross)\",\"startTime\":1058},{\"subSegID\":\"781-6-4\",\"segID\":\"781-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"There is a lot of carbon locked away in these frozen ecosystems - have 3700 Pg of Carbon.  Fossil fuels are 6-7 PgC / year now.\",\"startTime\":1115},{\"subSegID\":\"781-6-5\",\"segID\":\"781-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Thermokarst - methane (due to anaerobic breakdown) being released from thawing.\",\"startTime\":1167},{\"subSegID\":\"781-6-6\",\"segID\":\"781-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Possible feedbacks diagram.\",\"startTime\":1200},{\"subSegID\":\"781-6-7\",\"segID\":\"781-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"There is one potential negative balancer - mineralized Nitrogen cause plant growth?  Unknown right now.\",\"startTime\":1220},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-1\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Primary worry is drought and  fire - also very high density of carbon (life) (diagram)\",\"startTime\":1275},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-2\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"These regions are especially sensitive to deforestation\",\"startTime\":1337},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-3\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Deforestation follows building of roads - 1986 vs 1997 in Brazil.\",\"startTime\":1362},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-4\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Feedback diagrams: deforestation, road building -> climate change.\",\"startTime\":1383},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-5\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Even selective logging can cause damage - remove high value trees can cause more damage to adjacent forest (soil warming)\",\"startTime\":1413},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-6\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Slash and Burn - used to clear forests and enrich soil for a few years.  Opening the canopy causes problems with drying = FIRE\",\"startTime\":1454},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-7\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Fire accompanies deforestation - satellite image with fires pointed out.\",\"startTime\":1518},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-8\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"These forests are NOT adapted to fire like california forests.  They are used to being wet with deep roots!  Fire intervals 1000's of years.\",\"startTime\":1545},{\"subSegID\":\"781-7-9\",\"segID\":\"781-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":9,\"text\":\"Fire will kill these trees and flammable grasses invade and then make it more flammable - feedback to more burning.\",\"startTime\":1598},{\"subSegID\":\"781-8-1\",\"segID\":\"781-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Runaway feedbacks from climate change?\",\"startTime\":1652},{\"subSegID\":\"781-8-2\",\"segID\":\"781-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"In 2000, coupled climate-carbon model simulations predict drying of Amazon.  2007 paper: less likely but neither include feedback cycles!\",\"startTime\":1665},{\"subSegID\":\"781-8-3\",\"segID\":\"781-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Policy Choice - REDD  (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)\",\"startTime\":1713},{\"subSegID\":\"781-8-4\",\"segID\":\"781-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Other policy choice - overall fossil fuel emissions.  What will those CO2 emissions be?\",\"startTime\":1774},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-1\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Questions: Where does the CO2 go?  Some years stood out?  volcanic events?\",\"startTime\":1829},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-2\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Q; Carbon sequestered in soil vs carbon growing on soil?\",\"startTime\":1896},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-3\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"A: Plants can only accumulate so much carbon but soil carbon can accumulate for a long time - longer period.\",\"startTime\":1946},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-4\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Biochar is a tiny carbon pool but helps stabilize, helps retain nutrients.\",\"startTime\":1977},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-5\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Q:Are we heading to high or low scenario now on emissions.  A: Plot of data - we are off the red line (high) at the moment.\",\"startTime\":2011},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-6\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Q: Agriculture increases methane release also?  A; Turns into farmland - included in deforestation.\",\"startTime\":2111},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-7\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Q: Land / ocean temperature increased two degrees and CO2 increased 36% ?\",\"startTime\":2220},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-8\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"A: IPCC report from 2007 says 0.6 degrees...\",\"startTime\":2282},{\"subSegID\":\"781-9-9\",\"segID\":\"781-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":9,\"text\":\"Q: Forest production and tree growth - what do you expect production on ag crops?  Fertilizer...  not natural per se.  Helps but big range of effects\",\"startTime\":2358}]").parseJSON();