var subSegmentData = ("[{\"subSegID\":\"780-1-1\",\"segID\":\"780-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Thank you for organizing this to show Cornell's expertise.\",\"startTime\":0},{\"subSegID\":\"780-1-2\",\"segID\":\"780-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"About the direct and indirect effects of rising CO2 - photo is example of coral bleaching (indirect effect)\",\"startTime\":13},{\"subSegID\":\"780-1-3\",\"segID\":\"780-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Direct effect - CO2 makes oceans more acidic.\",\"startTime\":74},{\"subSegID\":\"780-1-4\",\"segID\":\"780-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"2 weeks ago Chuck Greene gave a good talk - here is a slide again on CO2 concentrations - today's CO2 concentration\",\"startTime\":96},{\"subSegID\":\"780-1-5\",\"segID\":\"780-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Up to 397ppm now on CO2 concentration\",\"startTime\":156},{\"subSegID\":\"780-1-6\",\"segID\":\"780-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Paper published in 1999 - linking marine diseases and climate change.  2002 - Consensus statement (scientists don't often agree! so rare)\",\"startTime\":201},{\"subSegID\":\"780-1-7\",\"segID\":\"780-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"2007 paper - coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification.\",\"startTime\":241},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-1\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"What is coral bleaching?  Corals are basically solar powered - color is from symbiotic algae\",\"startTime\":258},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-2\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Can see the coral is still alive - the little tentacles are still there, but the color is gone, this is a known direct effect of increased temperature.\",\"startTime\":315},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-3\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"NOAA Coral Reef Watch Program - can predict coral bleaching.\",\"startTime\":354},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-4\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Record of last 20 years in the Caribbean.  \",\"startTime\":385},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-5\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Animation - at 8 degree warming we expect coral mortality.  97/98 el nino was global.\",\"startTime\":413},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-6\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"2005 was an extreme event - this was Katrina's year, was an unusually warm year.\",\"startTime\":458},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-7\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"These 14-16 degree heating weeks were unprecedented.  Has happened in Australia, can only see white coral..  50% coral died.\",\"startTime\":481},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-8\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"Coral picked up diseases also.  Not swine flu but get bacterial infections which then grow faster.\",\"startTime\":514},{\"subSegID\":\"780-2-9\",\"segID\":\"780-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":9,\"text\":\"We linked thermal stress to coral bleaching.   Study the coral response to disease.\",\"startTime\":544},{\"subSegID\":\"780-3-1\",\"segID\":\"780-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Environmental Change and Coral Disease - we have a host, Causative Agents (ex virus) and environmental factors.\",\"startTime\":600},{\"subSegID\":\"780-3-2\",\"segID\":\"780-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"We are finding that the environmental factors are stacking against coral.\",\"startTime\":624},{\"subSegID\":\"780-3-3\",\"segID\":\"780-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Very severe for this ecosystem - 1/3 of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk.\",\"startTime\":637},{\"subSegID\":\"780-3-4\",\"segID\":\"780-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"What do we value about coral reefs?  Valued at $375 Billion - fish, seafood, tourism..  $17B US tourism $247B in global commercial fishing\",\"startTime\":667},{\"subSegID\":\"780-3-5\",\"segID\":\"780-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"This is a canary in the coalmine, first ecosystem most endangered by climate change.\",\"startTime\":712},{\"subSegID\":\"780-3-6\",\"segID\":\"780-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Summarize - thermal stress causes mass coral  bleaching and mortality (can be 90% some cases).\",\"startTime\":742},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-1\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Third stressor - ocean acidification eliminates reef structure.\",\"startTime\":764},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-2\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"We have been educating groups of people around the world.  They then go home with their knowledge and spread it.\",\"startTime\":799},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-3\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Article in Science - about 25% of CO2 (2000-2006) absorbed by ocean.  Originally thought the ocean would just absorb all this CO2, but makes it more acidic (carbonic acid)\",\"startTime\":857},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-4\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Removes carbonates that corals need for shells.  Makes calcification more difficult.  Tipping point happens at 500ppm CO2 (we're going to reach in several decades).\",\"startTime\":902},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-5\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Also - not uniform distribution over the whole ocean - acidification is worst towards the poles.  At 550ppm the calcification process reverses. \",\"startTime\":952},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-6\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Time series of CO2 from Hawaii air and sea water - mimics pattern.\",\"startTime\":1035},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-7\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"pH change in sea water - has changed significantly even since 1990\",\"startTime\":1064},{\"subSegID\":\"780-4-8\",\"segID\":\"780-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"Expected change in pH over time.\",\"startTime\":1081},{\"subSegID\":\"780-5-1\",\"segID\":\"780-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"What do these changes mean?  pic of snails from naturally acidic water (skeletons are pitted and thin)\",\"startTime\":1111},{\"subSegID\":\"780-5-2\",\"segID\":\"780-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Coccolithophorid - phytoplankton, lots of damage and pitting with high CO2 concentrations\",\"startTime\":1153},{\"subSegID\":\"780-5-3\",\"segID\":\"780-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Some work in our lab - studying reproduction of marine invertebrates, success being damaged.  ex sea urchin egg in more acidic conditions\",\"startTime\":1210},{\"subSegID\":\"780-5-4\",\"segID\":\"780-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Increased Ocean Acidification in Alaska waters - new findings show...\",\"startTime\":1312},{\"subSegID\":\"780-6-1\",\"segID\":\"780-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Summary - CO2 levels are increasing in the ocean, sea surface warming is increasing.\",\"startTime\":1338},{\"subSegID\":\"780-6-2\",\"segID\":\"780-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Corals are already very endangered by climate change.  Worse than we thought.  CO2 > 550ppm -> pH < 7.6 will interfere with calcification\",\"startTime\":1373},{\"subSegID\":\"780-6-3\",\"segID\":\"780-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Q: What is the evolutionary history of corals?  Would be interesting\",\"startTime\":1435},{\"subSegID\":\"780-6-4\",\"segID\":\"780-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Q: What is the purple pigment??  A: immune system responding - chemical defense.\",\"startTime\":1497},{\"subSegID\":\"780-6-5\",\"segID\":\"780-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Thanks!\",\"startTime\":1548}]").parseJSON();