var subSegmentData = ("[{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-1\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Thanks for coming on labor day!  That means we didn't get a microphone!\",\"startTime\":6},{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-2\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Thought about doing this last semester.  But most seminars don't target the younger students - this does.  \",\"startTime\":26},{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-3\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Nice to see some young people here!\",\"startTime\":68},{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-4\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Climate Change: A very inconvenient truth\",\"startTime\":113},{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-5\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"IPCC - Nobel peace prize in 2007.\",\"startTime\":138},{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-6\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Al Gore - "An Inconvenient Truth" co-received Nobel prize.  Was a controversial choice.\",\"startTime\":183},{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-7\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Called "A Very Inconvenient Truth" because we've learned more things since then - 2007 report only used pre 2002 data.\",\"startTime\":239},{\"subSegID\":\"748-1-8\",\"segID\":\"748-1\",\"segNum\":1,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"IPCC process is very conservative.\",\"startTime\":303},{\"subSegID\":\"748-2-1\",\"segID\":\"748-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Goals of the presentation - Find the tipping points and find the solutions!\",\"startTime\":338},{\"subSegID\":\"748-2-2\",\"segID\":\"748-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"The Greenhouse effect: Some is natural, but too much CO2 is bad\",\"startTime\":386},{\"subSegID\":\"748-2-3\",\"segID\":\"748-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Emission Spectra of Sun and Earth and Absorption Spectra of Atmosphere\",\"startTime\":503},{\"subSegID\":\"748-2-4\",\"segID\":\"748-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Main greenhouse gas is actually water (65%).  Problem is that adding more greenhouse gases nonlinear.\",\"startTime\":552},{\"subSegID\":\"748-2-5\",\"segID\":\"748-2\",\"segNum\":2,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Goldilocks Rule for Greenhouse gases: Venus (too much = 400C).  Mars (too little = -50C)\",\"startTime\":604},{\"subSegID\":\"748-3-1\",\"segID\":\"748-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Charles Keeling - Observed Changes in Greenhouse Gas Concentrations.  Continuous increase (seasonal from plants)\",\"startTime\":634},{\"subSegID\":\"748-3-2\",\"segID\":\"748-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Mauna Loa observatory - photo of students.  Current level is 385ppm = higher than 650k years before.\",\"startTime\":717},{\"subSegID\":\"748-3-3\",\"segID\":\"748-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Graph of temperature vs CO2 concentration over geological time. (from Antarctic ice core)\",\"startTime\":742},{\"subSegID\":\"748-3-4\",\"segID\":\"748-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Rate of change of CO2 is higher than last 10,000 years, also seems to be high correlation between CO2 and temperature\",\"startTime\":836},{\"subSegID\":\"748-3-5\",\"segID\":\"748-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Fourth assessment IPCC went back further to 650,000 years.\",\"startTime\":882},{\"subSegID\":\"748-3-6\",\"segID\":\"748-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Temperature series back 650,000 years.\",\"startTime\":937},{\"subSegID\":\"748-3-7\",\"segID\":\"748-3\",\"segNum\":3,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Today's CO2 concentrations - much higher now than ever, and 45 years from now...\",\"startTime\":967},{\"subSegID\":\"748-4-1\",\"segID\":\"748-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Observed changes in global mean temperature\",\"startTime\":1006},{\"subSegID\":\"748-4-2\",\"segID\":\"748-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Temperature anomalies are the interesting parts - the displacement from the mean\",\"startTime\":1067},{\"subSegID\":\"748-4-3\",\"segID\":\"748-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Appears to be an accelerating increase in temperature\",\"startTime\":1128},{\"subSegID\":\"748-4-4\",\"segID\":\"748-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"More graphs showing similar trend of increasing temperature\",\"startTime\":1175},{\"subSegID\":\"748-4-5\",\"segID\":\"748-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Last 1000 years (bottom right) - can estimate temperature anomalies.\",\"startTime\":1210},{\"subSegID\":\"748-4-6\",\"segID\":\"748-4\",\"segNum\":4,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"hockey stick model - looks like a hockey stick.\",\"startTime\":1267},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-1\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"IPCC FAR (2007) says "unequivocal" that Earth's climate is warming and likely from humans.\",\"startTime\":1297},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-2\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Model comparing natural climate drivers vs observed data (poor job).\",\"startTime\":1371},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-3\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Second graph includes human effects - much better at predicting what was observed.\",\"startTime\":1412},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-4\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Of the last 17 years studies, 12 were warmest observed\",\"startTime\":1434},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-5\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Temperature broken down by climate - all similar effects (natural only models underestimate the temperature)\",\"startTime\":1458},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-6\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Temperatures over land have increased faster than ocean - water traps heat\",\"startTime\":1558},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-7\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Warming in the pipeline - the oceans are the real drivers - thermal inertia.  Oceans have absorbed 80% of greenhouse heat last 50 years.\",\"startTime\":1585},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-8\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":8,\"text\":\"Temperatures haven't increased as much as we would have expected because the ocean has absorbed heat (ahead of equilibrium vs atmosphere)\",\"startTime\":1657},{\"subSegID\":\"748-5-9\",\"segID\":\"748-5\",\"segNum\":5,\"subSegNum\":9,\"text\":\"We're already committed to 1.5-2 degrees of warming from ocean heat trapped.\",\"startTime\":1686},{\"subSegID\":\"748-6-1\",\"segID\":\"748-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"IPCC Projections of global mean temperature.  Problems with models but it forces us to be quantitative.\",\"startTime\":1719},{\"subSegID\":\"748-6-2\",\"segID\":\"748-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Wide range of scenarios - many different models used.\",\"startTime\":1806},{\"subSegID\":\"748-6-3\",\"segID\":\"748-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Hockey stick model - context of last 1000 years.  Goalie hockey stick now!\",\"startTime\":1860},{\"subSegID\":\"748-6-4\",\"segID\":\"748-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Past and Future projections - warming is not uniform.\",\"startTime\":1899},{\"subSegID\":\"748-6-5\",\"segID\":\"748-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Interesting - when a big volcano erupts, cooling from aerosols.\",\"startTime\":1965},{\"subSegID\":\"748-6-6\",\"segID\":\"748-6\",\"segNum\":6,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Animation running...  Global average 3.3C higher but much higher in arctic regions.\",\"startTime\":2010},{\"subSegID\":\"748-7-1\",\"segID\":\"748-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Real data - from 1979 - 2007 change in arctic sea ice cover at minimum (typically occurs in September)\",\"startTime\":2075},{\"subSegID\":\"748-7-2\",\"segID\":\"748-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Northwest passage opened up from ice melting recently.\",\"startTime\":2148},{\"subSegID\":\"748-7-3\",\"segID\":\"748-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"IPCC model of arctic sea ice melting: Observations vs. Future Projections\",\"startTime\":2221},{\"subSegID\":\"748-7-4\",\"segID\":\"748-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Only a few years ago we were worried about losing the ice by 2100, now - possible might be no ice at minimum by 2025!\",\"startTime\":2266},{\"subSegID\":\"748-7-5\",\"segID\":\"748-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Effects of melting arctic sea ice - First: melting of sea ice does NOT raise sea level.\",\"startTime\":2311},{\"subSegID\":\"748-7-6\",\"segID\":\"748-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Ice has a high albedo (reflects sunlight) - leads to positive albedo feedback loop (ice melting leads to more ice melting)\",\"startTime\":2339},{\"subSegID\":\"748-7-7\",\"segID\":\"748-7\",\"segNum\":7,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Once a tipping point is exceeded, can become nonlinear rapid melting.  Some believe this happened in mid 1990's.\",\"startTime\":2386},{\"subSegID\":\"748-8-1\",\"segID\":\"748-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Greenland ice sheet is melting more rapidly - moulins lubricate the ice sheet and causes ice to flow out to ocean\",\"startTime\":2450},{\"subSegID\":\"748-8-2\",\"segID\":\"748-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"if Greenland ice sheet collapsed entirely, sea level will rise by 6m.  IPCC models do not account for this.  Jim Hansen says 2m+\",\"startTime\":2514},{\"subSegID\":\"748-8-3\",\"segID\":\"748-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Antarctica ice sheets - Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers (20M years old).  In danger of imminent collapse = 2m increase inn sea level.\",\"startTime\":2565},{\"subSegID\":\"748-8-4\",\"segID\":\"748-8\",\"segNum\":8,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Larsen B ice shelf - 12,000 years old, 100 mi square.  Models predicted it would last 10,000 years, it broke up in 3 days in 2002.\",\"startTime\":2642},{\"subSegID\":\"748-9-1\",\"segID\":\"748-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Global sea level projections IPCC.  Multiple models, takes consensus.\",\"startTime\":2682},{\"subSegID\":\"748-9-2\",\"segID\":\"748-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"But this doesn't account for accelerated melting.  Whole cryosphere (ice on earth) in danger above 350ppm CO2)\",\"startTime\":2742},{\"subSegID\":\"748-9-3\",\"segID\":\"748-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Use geological record - sea level anomalies from Industrial revolution vs CO2 ppm.\",\"startTime\":2789},{\"subSegID\":\"748-9-4\",\"segID\":\"748-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Talking hundreds of years from now - huge sea level rise.\",\"startTime\":2868},{\"subSegID\":\"748-9-5\",\"segID\":\"748-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Must reduce CO2 concentration in atmosphere!\",\"startTime\":2936},{\"subSegID\":\"748-9-6\",\"segID\":\"748-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Potential for Catastrophic Sea Level Rises - 80m increase if melt all ice sheets.\",\"startTime\":2952},{\"subSegID\":\"748-9-7\",\"segID\":\"748-9\",\"segNum\":9,\"subSegNum\":7,\"text\":\"Land cover and population displacement.  Only 6m rise = 200M people  displaced.\",\"startTime\":3014},{\"subSegID\":\"748-10-1\",\"segID\":\"748-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"What is that scene - melting permafrost in tundra - stores methane (much stronger greenhouse gas than CO2).\",\"startTime\":3118},{\"subSegID\":\"748-10-2\",\"segID\":\"748-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"They lit the methane on fire, right at the surface.\",\"startTime\":3180},{\"subSegID\":\"748-10-3\",\"segID\":\"748-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Ocean Acidification - absorbs CO2, has become 30% more acidic since industrial revolution\",\"startTime\":3212},{\"subSegID\":\"748-10-4\",\"segID\":\"748-10\",\"segNum\":10,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Ocean might convert from a sink to a source of CO2\",\"startTime\":3309},{\"subSegID\":\"748-11-1\",\"segID\":\"748-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Solutions - What can we do?\",\"startTime\":3373},{\"subSegID\":\"748-11-2\",\"segID\":\"748-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Grand Challenge of the "Greatest Generation" - WWII\",\"startTime\":3388},{\"subSegID\":\"748-11-3\",\"segID\":\"748-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"World War II - the US stood by and let Nazi and Imperial Japan spread, like we've let Kyoto go by...  Tipping Point - Pearl Harbor...\",\"startTime\":3415},{\"subSegID\":\"748-11-4\",\"segID\":\"748-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Grand Challenge of my Parents Generation - space. Were woken up by sputnik and put a man on the moon in 8 years\",\"startTime\":3478},{\"subSegID\":\"748-11-5\",\"segID\":\"748-11\",\"segNum\":11,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"We've had grand challenges before.  Takes a societal tipping point...  What will it be?\",\"startTime\":3550},{\"subSegID\":\"748-12-1\",\"segID\":\"748-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":1,\"text\":\"Political Willpower - cap & trade on CO2; energy efficiency...\",\"startTime\":3598},{\"subSegID\":\"748-12-2\",\"segID\":\"748-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":2,\"text\":\"Smart power grid; replace fossil carbon-based energy sources (i.e. algal-based biofuel), carbon sequestration, nuclear, geo-engineering\",\"startTime\":3648},{\"subSegID\":\"748-12-3\",\"segID\":\"748-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":3,\"text\":\"Geo-engineering - ex sulfates in the atmosphere to reflect sunlight.  lesser of two evils...\",\"startTime\":3769},{\"subSegID\":\"748-12-4\",\"segID\":\"748-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":4,\"text\":\"Keep yourself informed!\",\"startTime\":3818},{\"subSegID\":\"748-12-5\",\"segID\":\"748-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":5,\"text\":\"Inspired by Dan Miller talk last year - website given.\",\"startTime\":3848},{\"subSegID\":\"748-12-6\",\"segID\":\"748-12\",\"segNum\":12,\"subSegNum\":6,\"text\":\"Dedicated to my son and daughter and their generation.\",\"startTime\":3881}]").parseJSON();